Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2022 Certification I am only claiming a certificate of participation, not CME credits. Saturday, February 12, 2022 SCOTT M. HAMMER WORKSHOP FOR NEW INVESTIGATORS AND TRAINEES Sunday, February 13. 2022 OPENING SESSION FRONTIERS IN LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIES CASE-BASED LIVER WORKSHOP CASE-BASED LIVER WORKSHOP Monday, February 14, 2022 MONDAY PLENARY SESSION VIRAL SURVIVAL STRATEGIES IN THE FACE OF HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES: IMPLICATIONS FOR VACCINES COVID-19 TREATMENT: CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSIES (COVID-19) VACCINE MANDATES: THE PAST, THE PRESENT, AND THE WAY FORWARD Tuesday, February 15, 2022 TUESDAY PLENARY SESSION LONG COVID: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE AND BEYOND WHAT WILL IT TAKE TO INCREASE PEP AND PrEP USE FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN AT RISK? Wednesday, February 16, 2022 WEDNESDAY PLENARY SESSION CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS (CARs): WHAT’S NEXT? HIV CONTROVERSIES: CASE-BASED APPROACH TO PATIENTS WHO ARE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION EXPERIENCED IMPACT OF VIRAL LOAD IN TRANSMISSION AND DISEASE PROGRESSION OF SARS-CoV-2 INFECTION Tuesday, February 22, 2022 GETTING INTO SHAPE: A DEEPER LOOK AT VIRAL MATURATION INFANT POSTNATAL PROPHYLAXIS: WHY BOTHER? BRINGING CHOICE TO HIV PREVENTION Wednesday, February 23, 2022 THE HIV RESERVOIR: CREATION, SELECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND REVERSAL TUBERCULOSIS: NEW STRATEGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF THE WORLD’S OLDEST EPIDEMIC SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS: REVERSING THE TIDE Thursday, February 24, 2022 IMMUNE PROTECTION IN THE FIELD: RAISING THE STAKES HIV AND AGING HIV PREVENTION IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS CME CreditsCME Value for SCOTT M. HAMMER WORKSHOP FOR NEW INVESTIGATORS AND TRAINEESPlease enter a number from 3.5 to 3.5.CME Value for OPENING SESSIONPlease enter a number from 2 to 2.CME Value for FRONTIERS IN LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIESPlease enter a number from 2 to 2.CME Value for CASE-BASED LIVER WORKSHOPPlease enter a number from 2 to 2.CME Value for CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN AND ANALYSISPlease enter a number from 2 to 2.CME Value for MONDAY PLENARY SESSIONPlease enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for VIRAL SURVIVAL STRATEGIES IN THE FACE OF HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES: IMPLICATIONS FOR VACCINESPlease enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for COVID-19 TREATMENT: CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSIESPlease enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for (COVID-19) VACCINE MANDATES: THE PAST, THE PRESENT, AND THE WAY FORWARDPlease enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for TUESDAY PLENARY SESSIONPlease enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for LONG COVID: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE AND BEYONDPlease enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for WHAT WILL IT TAKE TO INCREASE PEP AND PrEP USE FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN AT RISK?Please enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for WEDNESDAY PLENARY SESSIONPlease enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS (CARs): WHAT’S NEXT?Please enter a number from 0 to 0.CME Value for HIV CONTROVERSIES: CASE-BASED APPROACH TO PATIENTS WHO ARE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION EXPERIENCEDPlease enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for IMPACT OF VIRAL LOAD IN TRANSMISSION AND DISEASE PROGRESSION OF SARS-CoV-2 INFECTIONPlease enter a number from 1 to 1.CME Value for GETTING INTO SHAPE: A DEEPER LOOK AT VIRAL MATURATIONPlease enter a number from 1.5 to 1.5.CME Value for INFANT POSTNATAL PROPHYLAXIS: WHY BOTHER?Please enter a number from 1.5 to 1.5.CME Value for BRINGING CHOICE TO HIV PREVENTIONPlease enter a number from 1.5 to 1.5.CME Value for THE HIV RESERVOIR: CREATION, SELECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND REVERSALPlease enter a number from 1.5 to 1.5.CME Value for TUBERCULOSIS: NEW STRATEGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF THE WORLD’S OLDEST EPIDEMICPlease enter a number from 1.5 to 1.5.CME Value for SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS: REVERSING THE TIDEPlease enter a number from 1.5 to 1.5.CME Value for IMMUNE PROTECTION IN THE FIELD: RAISING THE STAKESPlease enter a number from 1.5 to 1.5.CME Value for HIV AND AGINGPlease enter a number from 1.5 to 1.5.CME Value for HIV PREVENTION IN SPECIAL POPULATIONSPlease enter a number from 1.5 to 1.5. Workshop 1: SCOTT M. HAMMER WORKSHOP FOR NEW INVESTIGATORS AND TRAINEESWhich of the following statements is true? A. Both HIV and SARS-CoV-2 genomes integrate into the chromatin of their target cells B. Although there are neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, there are none against HIV C. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines contain only mRNA D. HIV establishes persistent infection, whereas SARS-CoV-2 is not typically detected by clinical tests after the first weeks of infection Workshop-2: FRONTIERS IN LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIESWhich of the following is true regarding the HIV-1 capsid? A. It falls apart immediately after viral entry B. It is permeable to deoxynucleoside triphosphates C. It consists only of pentamers D. It consists only of hexamers Workshop-3: CASE-BASED LIVER WORKSHOPWhat is the recommended timing for hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment initiation in the setting of acute/recent infection or documented reinfection? A. After waiting 3 to 6 months to evaluate for spontaneous clearance B. Immediately or as soon as feasible C. Only once chronic infection is established (more than 6 months) D. After 1 month to ensure acute hepatic failure does not develop E. Once resistance testing results are back Workshop-4: CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN AND ANALYSISParticipants in a test-negative study of COVID-19 vaccines should include which of the following? A. All individuals tested for viral RNA or antigens for any reason B. All individuals tested for viral RNA or antigens because of symptoms C. Only individuals who have been vaccinated and who have symptoms D. Only individuals with a prior negative test and who now have symptoms Plenary-1: MONDAY PLENARY SESSIONConcerning children who are exposed to HIV in utero but are uninfected (HEU), which of the following statements is true? A. There are an estimated 10,000,000 HEU children living worldwide, most in sub-Saharan Africa B. Before antiretroviral treatment (ART) was available in pregnancy, by 2 years of age, infant mortality in HEU infants was at least twice as high as in HIV-unexposed infants C. Since ART has been available in pregnancy, HEU infants in high-income settings now have the same health outcomes as HIV-unexposed infants D. Exclusive breast feeding completely protects HEU infants from worse infection outcomes than HIV-unexposed infants E. HEU infants have higher levels of transplacental antibody than HIV-unexposed infants Interactive-1: VIRAL SURVIVAL STRATEGIES IN THE FACE OF HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES: IMPLICATIONS FOR VACCINESWhich of the following statements is true related to HIV and COVID-19 vaccines? A. The efficacy of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines lasts for at least several years B. HIV vaccines cannot be tested preclinically in nonhuman primate models C. COVID-19 vaccines are very effective in preventing severe disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection D. HIV vaccines based on adenoviral (Ad) vectors were very effective in phase III clinical trials E. COVID-19 vaccines are contraindicated in individuals over 80 years of age Interactive-2: COVID-19 TREATMENT: CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSIESWhich of the following interventions is currently recommended for treatment or prevention in areas where Omicron is the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant? A. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir B. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with molnupiravir C. PEP with bamlanivimab/etesivimab D. Treatment with casirivimab/imdevimab E. Treatment with sotrovimab F. Treatment with tixagivimab/cilgavimabdu Interactive-3: (COVID-19) VACCINE MANDATES: THE PAST, THE PRESENT, AND THE WAY FORWARDIn the 19th century, a backlash movement against compulsory vaccination used a metaphor for bodily violation. What was that metaphor? A. A dragon B. A coiled snake attacking a woman and child C. A vampire D. Surgical instruments What is a reasonable incentive in requiring COVID-19 vaccinations at the federal level? A. Universal health care B. Paid sick leave C. Conditional spending, tying receiving federal funds in requiring COVID-19 vaccinations* D. Bonus programs E. Lotteries Interactive-5: WHAT WILL IT TAKE TO INCREASE PEP AND PrEP USE FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN AT RISK?In a PEP pilot study in 5 rural communities in Kenya and Uganda from Dec 2018 to May 2019, what was the PEP completion rate? A. 23% B. 49% C. 62% D. 88% Plenary-3: WEDNESDAY PLENARY SESSIONLong acting (LA) therapy with cabotegravir plus rilpivirine (CAB/RPV) as a switch therapy in adults with HIV suppressed on therapy has been studied in 3 large randomized controlled trials. Which of the following is a common result across these studies? A. LA CAB/RPV was superior to continued oral therapy in maintaining suppression of HIV RNA B. Virologic failure occurred in less than 3% of participants treated with LA CAB/RPV in each study C. When virologic failure occurred, only nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance mutations emerged D. LA CAB/RPV therapy was always preceded by oral lead-in therapy E. Injection site reactions increased in severity over time Interactive-7: HIV CONTROVERSIES: CASE-BASED APPROACH TO PATIENTS WHO ARE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION EXPERIENCEDA 27-year-old man with perinatal-acquired HIV has been treated with various ART combinations since the mid-1990s and has always struggled with adherence.<br />He is currently fit and well on twice daily darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r), once daily dolutegravir (DTG), and emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (FTC/TAF), but is experiencing viral rebound with an HIV viral load of 13,700 copies/mL and a CD4+ T cell count of 430 cells/μL. Resistance test results also show:<br /><ul><li>Reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations: M41L, E44D, D67N, L210W, T215F, V90I, K101E, Y181C, G190A</li><li>Protease inhibitor (PI) mutations: L10I, K20R, V32I, L33F, M46V, I47V, I54L, I62V, L63P, V82F, L90M</li><li>Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (InSTI) mutations: T97A, E138T, G140S, Q148H</li></ul>What change to his ART regimen should be made? A. Use maraviroc as part of a new combination B. Start LA CAB/RPV to support better adherence C. Switch to fostemsavir with optimized backbone D. Switch to doravirine with optimized backbone E. Stick with current regimen until new combinations of different classes are available Interactive-8: IMPACT OF VIRAL LOAD IN TRANSMISSION AND DISEASE PROGRESSION OF SARS-CoV-2 INFECTIONWhat is the pediatric age group with the highest rate of COVID-19-associated hospitalization during the current Omicron variant wave in the United States? A. 0 to 4 years B. 5 to 8 years C. 9 to 11 years D. 12 to 17 years Symposium-1: GETTING INTO SHAPE: A DEEPER LOOK AT VIRAL MATURATIONWhen or where does the viral protease cleave the polyproteins Gag and GagPol mainly? A. In the cytoplasm of the producer cell B. During budding C. After the virion has been released from the cell D. Once the virion enters the new target cell Symposium-2: INFANT POSTNATAL PROPHYLAXIS: WHY BOTHER?What are the factors influencing drug absorption and disposition in premature infants? A. Changes in cardiac output B. Gastrointestinal changes C. Presence of fetal hemoglobin D. Inability to use nasogastric (NG) tubePAGE Dolutegravir is highly protein bound and can displace bilirubin from albumin. A. True B. False Symposium-3: BRINGING CHOICE TO HIV PREVENTIONWhich of the following is true regarding practitioner-level barriers to increasing choice of HIV prevention methods? A. Practitioners are always nonjudgmental about HIV-prevention choices B. Practitioners always inquire about sexual risk for all clients C. Practitioners may have a bias against condomless sex reflecting their personal perspectives D. All new prevention methods are rapidly available to practitioners at a low cost Symposium-4: THE HIV RESERVOIR: CREATION, SELECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND REVERSALWhich of the following statement is true? A. CD4+ T cells harboring intact proviruses do not decrease with time on ART B. Defective proviruses can produce RNA and proteins C. All memory CD4+ T-cell subsets contain similar frequencies of intact HIV genomes D. Targeting PD-1 and IL-10 can restore immune functions but has no effect on viral rebound Symposium-6: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS: REVERSING THE TIDEPrEP and PEP using antiretroviral drugs can prevent HIV infection. Some researchers have been investigating PrEP and PEP for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Which antimicrobial agent has been most frequently evaluated for STI prevention, especially Chlamydia trachomatis and Treponema pallidum? A. Penicillin B. Doxycycline C. Amoxicillin-clavulanate D. Imipenem E. Ceftriaxone Symposium-9: HIV PREVENTION IN SPECIAL POPULATIONSIn people who inject drugs (PWID), PrEP uptake falls in the range of: A. 0%-3% B. 5%-10% C. 10%-15% D. 20%-25%