References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV and Injection Drug Use. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk/cdc-hiv-idu-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed on August 7, 2018.
  2. Gowing L, Farrell MF, Bornemann R, Sullivan LE, Ali R. Oral substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(8):CD004145.
  3. Korthuis PT, Tozzi MJ, Nandi V, et al. Improved quality of life for opioid-dependent patients receiving buprenorphine treatment in HIV clinics. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56 Suppl 1:S39-S45.
  4. MacArthur GJ, Minozzi S, Martin N, et al. Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e5945.
  5. Metzger DS, Woody GE, O’Brien CP. Drug treatment as HIV prevention: a research update. JAIDS. 2010;55(1):S32-S36.
  6. Sullivan LE, Barry D, Moore BA, et al. A trial of integrated buprenorphine/naloxone and HIV clinical care. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43 Suppl 4:S184-S190.
  7. Sullivan LE, Metzger DS, Fudala PJ, Fiellin DA. Decreasing international HIV transmission: the role of expanding access to opioid agonist therapies for injection drug users. Addiction. 2005;100(2):150-158.
  8. Sullivan LE, Moore BA, Chawarski MC, et al. Buprenorphine/naloxone treatment in primary care is associated with decreased human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviors. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008;35(1):87-92.
  9. Springer SA, Di PA, Azar MM, et al. Extended-release naltrexone improves viral suppression among incarcerated persons living with HIV with opioid use disorders transitioning to the community: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;78(1):43-53.
  10. Bruggmann P, Litwin AH. Models of care for the management of hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs: one size does not fit all. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(2):S56-S61.
  11. Stein MR, Soloway IJ, Jefferson KS, Roose RJ, Arnsten JH, Litwin AH. Concurrent group treatment for hepatitis C: implementation and outcomes in a methadone maintenance treatment program. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;43(4):424-432.
  12. Walley AY, Tetrault JM, Friedmann PD. Integration of substance use treatment and medical care: a special issue of JSAT. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;43(4):377-381.
  13. Korthuis PT, Lum PJ, Vergara-Rodriguez P, et al. Feasibility and safety of extended-release naltrexone treatment of opioid and alcohol use disorder in HIV clinics: a pilot/feasibility randomized trial. Addiction. 2017;112(6):1036-1044.
  14. Tetrault JM, Moore BA, Barry DT, et al. Brief versus extended counseling along with buprenorphine/naloxone for HIV-infected opioid dependent patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;43(4):433-439.
  15. Butner JL, Gupta N, Fabian C, Henry S, Shi JM, Tetrault JM. Onsite treatment of HCV infection with direct acting antivirals within an opioid treatment program. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;75:49-53.
  16. Fiellin DA, Kleber H, Trumble-Hejduk JG, McLellan AT, Kosten TR. Consensus statement on office-based treatment of opioid dependence using buprenorphine. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2004;27(2):153-159.
  17. Fiellin DA, Pantalon MV, Chawarski MC, et al. Counseling plus buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance therapy for opioid dependence. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(4):365-374.
  18. Fudala PJ, Bridge TP, Herbert S, et al. Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(10):949-958.
  19. Johnson RE, Eissenberg T, Stitzer ML, Strain EC, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. A placebo controlled clinical trial of buprenorphine as a treatment for opioid dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;40(1):17-25.
  20. Tetrault JM, Fiellin DA. Current and potential pharmacological treatment options for maintenance therapy in opioid-dependent individuals. Drugs. 2012;72(2):217-228.
  21. Cooperman NA, Heo M, Berg KM, et al. Impact of adherence counseling dose on antiretroviral adherence and HIV viral load among HIV-infected methadone maintained drug users. AIDS Care. 2012;24(7):828-835.
  22. Litwin AH, Berg KM, Li X, Hidalgo J, Arnsten JH. Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial of directly observed hepatitis C treatment delivered in methadone clinics. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:315.
  23. Litwin AH, Harris KA, Jr., Nahvi S, et al. Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin in a methadone maintenance treatment program. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2009;37(1):32-40.
  24. Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD002209.
  25. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
  26. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
  27. Hasin DS, O’Brien CP, Auriacombe M, et al. DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(8):834-851.
  28. Malta M, Strathdee SA, Magnanini MM, Bastos FI. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: a systematic review. Addiction. 2008;103(8):1242-1257.
  29. Woody GE. Research findings on psychotherapy of addictive disorders. Am J Addict. 2003;12(Suppl 2):S19-S26.
  30. Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD002207.
  31. Gossop M, Stewart D, Marsden J. Attendance at Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, frequency of attendance and substance use outcomes after residential treatment for drug dependence: a 5-year follow-up study. Addiction. 2008;103(1):119-125.
  32. Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M, Kirchmayer U, Verster A. Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(2):CD001333.
  33. Schottenfeld RS, Chawarski MC, Mazlan M. Maintenance treatment with buprenorphine and naltrexone for heroin dependence in Malaysia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9631):2192-2200.
  34. Lee JD, Nunes EV, Jr., Novo P, et al. Comparative effectiveness of extended-release naltrexone versus buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid relapse prevention (X:BOT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10118):309-318.
  35. Larochelle MR, Bernson D, Land T, et al. Medication for opioid use disorder after nonfatal opioid overdose and association with mortality: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2018;
  36. Berg KM, Litwin A, Li X, Heo M, Arnsten JH. Directly observed antiretroviral therapy improves adherence and viral load in drug users attending methadone maintenance clinics: a randomized controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;113(2-3):192-199.
  37. Brust JC, Litwin AH, Berg KM, Li X, Heo M, Arnsten JH. Directly observed antiretroviral therapy in substance abusers receiving methadone maintenance therapy does not cause increased drug resistance. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27(5):535-541.
  38. Lucas GM, Mullen BA, McCaul ME, Weidle PJ, Hader S, Moore RD. Adherence, drug use, and treatment failure in a methadone-clinic-based program of directly administered antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2007;21(8):564-574.
  39. Lucas GM, Weidle PJ, Hader S, Moore RD. Directly administered antiretroviral therapy in an urban methadone maintenance clinic: a nonrandomized comparative study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(5):S409-S413.
  40. Ling W, Charuvastra C, Collins JF, et al. Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of opiate dependence: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Addiction. 1998;93(4):475-486.
  41. Mendelson J, Jones RT, Welm S, et al. Buprenorphine and naloxone combinations: the effects of three dose ratios in morphine-stabilized, opiate-dependent volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 1999;141(1):37-46.
  42. Mendelson J, Jones RT, Welm S, Brown J, Batki SL. Buprenorphine and naloxone interactions in methadone maintenance patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;41(11):1095-1101.
  43. Fiellin DA, Weiss L, Botsko M, et al. Drug treatment outcomes among HIV-infected, opioid-dependent patients receiving buprenorphine/naloxone. JAIDS. 2011;56:S22-S32.
  44. Fiellin DA, Weiss L, Botsko M, et al. Drug treatment outcomes among HIV-infected opioid-dependent patients receiving buprenorphine/naloxone. JAIDS. 2011;56(Suppl 1):S33-S38.
  45. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA18-5063FULLDOC/SMA18-5063FULLDOC.pdf. Accessed on August 8, 2018.
  46. Cunningham CO, Giovanniello A, Li X, Kunins HV, Roose RJ, Sohler NL. A comparison of buprenorphine induction strategies: patient-centered home-based inductions versus standard-of-care office-based inductions. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2011;40(4):349-356.
  47. Lee JD, Vocci F, Fiellin DA. Unobserved “home” induction onto buprenorphine. J Addict Med. 2014;8(5):299-308.
  48. Tofighi B, Grossman E, Sherman S, Nunes EV, Lee JD. Mobile phone messaging during unobserved “home” induction to buprenorphine. J Addict Med. 2016;10(5):309-313.
  49. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Clinical guidelines for the use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction. https://www.naabt.org/documents/TIP40.pdf. Accessed on August 8, 2018.
  50. National Institute on Drug Abuse. A Guide for Patients Beginning Buprenorphine Treatment at Home. https://www.drugabuse.gov/nidamed-medical-health-professionals/discipline-specific-resources/initiating-buprenorphine-treatment-in-emergency-department/guide-patients-beginning-buprenorphine-treatment-home. Accessed on May 13, 2019.
  51. Ling W, Hillhouse M, Ang A, Jenkins J, Fahey J. Comparison of behavioral treatment conditions in buprenorphine maintenance. Addiction. 2013;108(10):1788-1798.
  52. Bergman BG, Greene MC, Hoeppner BB, Slaymaker V, Kelly JF. Psychiatric comorbidity and 12-step participation: a longitudinal investigation of treated young adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(2):501-510.
  53. Galanter M, Dermatis H, Post S, Sampson C. Spirituality-based recovery from drug addiction in the twelve-step fellowship of narcotics anonymous. J Addict Med. 2013;7(3):189-195.
  54. Lee JD, Grossman E, DiRocco D, Gourevitch MN. Home buprenorphine/naloxone induction in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(2):226-232.
  55. Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-treatment-guidelines/0. Accessed on August 8, 2018.
  56. McCance-Katz EF, Sullivan LE, Nallani S. Drug interactions of clinical importance among the opioids, methadone and buprenorphine, and other frequently prescribed medications: a review. Am J Addict. 2010;19(1):4-16.
  57. Bruce RD, Moody DE, Chodkowski D, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and raltegravir in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2013;39(2):80-85.
  58. Meemken L, Hanhoff N, Tseng A, Christensen S, Gillessen A. Drug-drug interactions with antiviral agents in people who inject drugs requiring substitution therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(7):796-807.
  59. McCance-Katz EF, Rainey PM, Friedland G, Jatlow P. The protease inhibitor lopinavir-ritonavir may produce opiate withdrawal in methadone-maintained patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:476-482.
  60. Baker J, Rainey PM, Moody DE, Morse GD, Ma Q, Cance-Katz EF. Interactions between buprenorphine and antiretrovirals: nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) didanosine, lamivudine, and tenofovir. Am J Addict. 2010;19(1):17-29.
  61. Gruber VA, Rainey PM, Moody DE, et al. Interactions between buprenorphine and the protease inhibitors darunavir-ritonavir and fosamprenavir-ritonavir. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(3):414-423.
  62. McCance-Katz EF, Moody DE, Morse GD, et al. Interaction between buprenorphine and atazanavir or atazanavir/ritonavir. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;91:269-278.
  63. McCance-Katz EF, Moody DE, Morse GD, Ma Q, Rainey PM. Lack of clinically significant drug interactions between nevirapine and buprenorphine. Am J Addict. 2010;19(1):30-37.
  64. Vergara-Rodriguez P, Tozzi MJ, Botsko M, et al. Hepatic safety and lack of antiretroviral interactions with buprenorphine/naloxone in HIV-infected opioid-dependent patients. JAIDS. 2011;56(Suppl 1):S62-S67.
  65. Saxon AJ, Ling W, Hillhouse M, et al. Buprenorphine/Naloxone and methadone effects on laboratory indices of liver health: a randomized trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;128(1-2):71-76.
  66. Tetrault JM, Tate JP, Edelman EJ, et al. Hepatic safety of buprenorphine in HIV-infected and uninfected patients with opioid use disorder: the role of HCV infection. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;68:62-67.
  67. Petry NM, Bickel WK, Piasecki D, Marsch LA, Badger GJ. Elevated liver enzyme levels in opioid-dependent patients with hepatitis treated with buprenorphine. Am J Addict. 2000;9(3):265-269.
  68. Hakkinen M, Launiainen T, Vuori E, Ojanpera I. Benzodiazepines and alcohol are associated with cases of fatal buprenorphine poisoning. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(3):301-309.
  69. Schuman-Olivier Z, Hoeppner BB, Weiss RD, Borodovsky J, Shaffer HJ, Albanese MJ. Benzodiazepine use during buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence: clinical and safety outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(3):580-586.
  70. Bardy G, Cathala P, Eiden C, Baccino E, Petit P, Mathieu O. An unusual case of death probably triggered by the association of buprenorphine at therapeutic dose with ethanol and benzodiazepines and with very low norbuprenorphine level. J Forensic Sci. 2014;60(1):S269-S271.
  71. Donroe JH, Holt SR, O’Connor PG, Sukumar N, Tetrault JM. Interpreting quantitative urine buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine levels in office-based clinical practice. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;180:46-51.
  72. Holt SR, Donroe JH, Cavallo DA, Tetrault JM. Addressing discordant quantitative urine buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine levels: Case examples in opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;186:171-174.
  73. Suzuki J, Zinser J, Issa M, Rodriguez C. Quantitative testing of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine to identify urine sample spiking during office-based opioid treatment. Subst Abus. 2017;38(4):504-507.
  74. Accurso AJ, Lee JD, McNeely J. High prevalence of urine tampering in an office-based opioid treatment practice detected by evaluating the norbuprenorphine to buprenorphine ratio. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;83:62-67.
  75. Alford DP, Compton P, Samet JH. Acute pain management for patients receiving maintenance methadone or buprenorphine therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(2):127-134.
  76. Bruce RD, Merlin J, Lum PJ, et al. 2017 HIVMA of IDSA clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic pain in patients living with HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(10):e1-e37.
  77. AASLD/IDSA. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. http://hcvguidelines.org/. Accessed on November 7, 2018.
  78. Afdhal NH, Zeuzem S, Schooley RT, et al. The new paradigm of hepatitis C therapy: integration of oral therapies into best practices. J Viral Hepat. 2013;20(11):745-760.
  79. Naggie S, Cooper C, Saag M, et al. Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for HCV in patients coinfected with HIV-1. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(8):705-713.
  80. Dore GJ, Altice F, Litwin AH, et al. Elbasvir-grazoprevir to treat hepatitis C virus infection in persons receiving opioid agonist therapy: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(9):625-634.
  81. Grebely J, Mauss S, Brown A, et al. Efficacy and safety of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with and without ribavirin in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection receiving opioid substitution therapy: analysis of phase 3 ION trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(11):1405-1411.
  82. Burgess S, Partovi N, Yoshida EM, Erb SR, Azalgara VM, Hussaini T. Drug interactions with direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C: implications for HIV and transplant patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(6):674-687.
  83. Ogbuagu O, Friedland G, Bruce RD. Drug interactions between buprenorphine, methadone and hepatitis C therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(7):721-731.